UV Induced Biosynthesis of Cyano-sunscreen “Scytonemin” by Leptolyngbya mycodia and its Effectual Antioxidant Activity Scytonemin Production in Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya mycodia
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 18 No. 1 (2022),
15 January 2022
,
Page 19-33
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v18.41360
Abstract
The indole-alkaloid scytonemin, an ecologically and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolite, is exclusively biosynthesized by some cyanobacteria. Due to its photoprotective function and valuable antioxidant capacity, this cyano-sunscreen may be of great value for production of natural sunscreen in cosmetic and other pharmaceutical industries. As scytonemin is only produced by some cyanobacterial species, identification of novel strains and verification of synthesis induction factors are important research areas. In the present study, using the high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, scytonemin was characterized (UVλmax ) at 370 nm; m/z 545) in two filamentous cyanobacteria: Leptolyngbya mycodia and Phormidium sp. Under photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), L. mycodia revealed superior growth as well as scytonemin specific content of 0.0427 (Aλ/mg d.w.). As one of the physicochemical stressors on regulation of scytonemin biosynthesis, the role of UV irradiation in synthesis induction was examined. A remarkable change was observed on scytonemin specific content under PUAB regime (280-700 nm) compared to PAR (400–700 nm). UV-B (280–315 nm) significantly induced scytonemin synthesis up to 4.25 Aλ /mg d.w. while synthesis (2.31 Aλ/mg d.w.) to a lesser extent was observed under UV-A (315-400 nm). Moreover, present study confirmed the role of extracted scytonemin as an active antioxidant, indicating its strong radical scavenging (IC50=48.84%) with relatively high (61%) antioxidant rate at concentration of 200 μg/l. This is the first report on the UV-induced scytonemin biosynthesis by cyanobacterium L. mycodia and its remarkable antioxidant activity is of great value for future biotechnological research and development of natural sunscreens.
Keywords:
- Cyanobacteria,
- Natural sunscreen,
- Photoprotection,
- Radical scavenging activity,
- Secondary metabolite,
- UV radiation.
How to Cite
Gelareh Sheibani Madrahi, & Fereshteh Naeimpoor. (2022). UV Induced Biosynthesis of Cyano-sunscreen “Scytonemin” by Leptolyngbya mycodia and its Effectual Antioxidant Activity: Scytonemin Production in Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya mycodia. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v18.41360
References
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[12] Singh SP, Kumari S, Rastogi RP, Singh KL and Sinha RP. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds. CSIR (2008) 46: 7-17.
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[25] Mushir S, Deep S, Fatma T and Student PG. Screening of cyanobacterial strains for UV screening compound scytonemin-environmental perspectives. Screen. (2014) 3: 9191-9196.
[26] Rath J, Mandal S and Adhikary SP. Salinity induced synthesis of UV-screening compound scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biolo. (2012) 115: 5-8.
[27] Bultel-Poncé V, Félix-Théodose F, Sarthou C, Ponge JF and Bodo B. New pigments from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. collected on the Mitaraka Inselberg, French Guyana. J. Nat. Proud. (2004) 67: 678-681.
[28] Asencio AD and Hoffmann L. Chemosystematic evaluation of the genus Scytonema (Cyanobacteria) based on occurrence of phycobiliproteins, scytonemin, carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acid compounds. Eur. J. Phycol. (2013) 48: 331-344.
[29] Asencio AD, García‐Pichel F and Hoffmann L, Retracted: Carotenoids, mycosporine‐like amino acid compounds, phycobiliproteins, and scytonemin in the genus scytonema (Cyanobacteria): a chemosystematic study, J. Phycol. (2011) 47: 12218-12228.
[30] Pentecost A. Field relationships between scytonemin density, growth, and irradiance in cyanobacteria occurring in low illumination regimes. Microb. Ecol. (1993) 26: 101-110.
[31] Brenowitz S and Castenholz RW. Long-term effects of UV and visible irradiance on natural populations of a scytonemin-containing cyanobacterium (Calothrix sp.). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (1997) 24: 343-352.
[32] Adhikary SP and Sahu JK. UV protecting pigment of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Tolypothrix byssoidea. J. Plant Physiol. (1998) 153: 770-773.
[33] Proteau PJ, Gerwick WH, Garcia-Pichel F and Castenholz R. The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria. Experientia (1993) 49: 825-829.
[34] Rastogi RP, Sonani RR and Madamwar D. The high-energy radiation protectant extracellular sheath pigment scytonemin and its reduced counterpart in the cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. R77DM. Bioresour. Technol. (2014) 171: 396-400.
[35] Rastogi RP and Sinha RP, A. Incharoensakdi, Partial characterization, UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment, scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4. Chemosphere (2013) 93: 1874-1878.
[36] Rastogi RP and Incharoensakdi A. Characterization of UV-screening compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids, and scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. CU2555. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (2014) 87: 244-256.
[37] Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitão GG, Reis AS, Santos TC, Coube CS and Leitão SG. Screening of brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother. Res. (2001) 15: 127-130.
[38] Kokabi M, Yousefzadi M, Soltani M and Arman M. Effects of different UV radiation on photoprotective pigments and antioxidant activity of the hot‐spring cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya cf. fragilis. Phycol. Res. (2019) 67: 215-220.
[39] Stevenson CS, Capper EA, Roshak AK, Marquez B, Grace K, Gerwick WH, Jacobs RS and Marshall LA. Scytonemin-a marine natural product inhibitor of kinases key in hyperproliferative inflammatory diseases. Inflamm. Res. (2002) 51: 112-114.
[40] Day JG. Cryopreservation: fundamentals, mechanisms of damage on freezing/thawing and application in culture collections. Nova Hedwigia (2004) 79: 191-205.
[41] Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M and Stanier RY. Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Microbiol. (1979) 111: 1-61.
[42] Guillard RR. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates, Walter L,
Matoira S and Chanley H. (Eds.) In: Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, Springer (1975) 29-60.
[43] Zhu C and Lee Y. Determination of biomass dry weight of marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. (1997) 9: 189-194.
[44] Matsui K, Nazifi E, Hirai Y, Wada N, Matsugo S and Sakamoto T. The cyanobacterial UV-absorbing pigment scytonemin displays radical-scavenging activity. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. (2012) 58: 137-144.
[45] Squier AH, Airs RL, Hodgson DA and Keely BJ. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of the ultraviolet screening pigment scytonemin: characteristic fragmentations. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. (2004) 18: 2934-2938.
[46] Pathak J, Sonker AS, Kannaujiya VK, Singh V, Ahmed H and Sinha RP. Screening and partial purification of photoprotective pigment scytonemin from cyanobacterial crusts dwelling on the historical monuments in and around Varanasi, India. Microbiol. Res. (2017) 8: 4-12.
[47] Rastogi RP, Sonani RR and Madamwar D. Cyanobacterial sunscreen scytonemin: role in photoprotection and biomedical research. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. (2015) 176: 1551-1563.
[48] Mushir S and Fatma T. Monitoring stress responses in cyanobacterial scytonemin–screening and characterization. Environ. Technol. (2012) 33: 153-157.
[49] Garcia-Pichel F and Castenholz RW. Occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like compounds among cyanobacterial isolates and an estimate of their screening capacity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1993) 59: 163-169.
[50] Karsten U, Maier J and Garcia-Pichel F. Seasonality in UV-absorbing compounds of cyanobacterial mat communities from an intertidal mangrove flat. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. (1998) 16: 37-44.
[51] Ehling-Schulz M, Bilger W and Scherer S. UV-B-induced synthesis of photoprotective pigments and extracellular polysaccharides in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. J. Bacteriol. (1997) 179: 1940-1945.
[52] Takamatsu S, Hodges TW, Rajbhandari I, Gerwick WH, Hamann MT and Nagle DG. Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes. J. Nat. Prod. (2003) 66: 605-608.
[2] Pathak J, Sonker AS, Singh V and Sinha RP. Nanobiotechnology of cyanobacterial UV-protective compounds: Innovations and prospects, Grumezescu A M. (Eds.) In: Food Preservation, The Latest in the Nanotechnology in the Agri-Food Industry, Academic press (2017) 603-44.
[3] Sinha RP and Häder DP. UV-protectants in cyanobacteria. Plant Sci. (2008) 174: 278-289.
[4] Häder DP, Williamson CE, Wängberg SA, Rautio M, Rose KC, Gao K, Helbling EW, Sinha RP and Worrest R. Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. (2015) 14: 108-126.
[5] Serpone N, Dondi D and Albini A. Inorganic and organic UV filters: their role and efficacy in sunscreens and suncare products. Inorganica Chim. Acta (2007) 360: 794-802.
[6] Schneider SL and Lim HW. A review of inorganic UV filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. (2019) 35: 442-446.
[7] Ozáez I, Martínez-Guitarte JL and Morcillo G. Effects of in vivo exposure to UV filters (4-MBC, OMC, BP-3, 4-HB, OC, OD-PABA) on endocrine signaling genes in the insect Chironomus riparius. Sci. Total Environ. (2013) 456: 120-126.
[8] Klammer H, Schlecht C, Wuttke W, Schmutzler C, Gotthardt I, Köhrle J and Jarry H. Effects of a 5-day treatment with the UV-filter octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC) on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary–thyroid function in rats. Toxicology (2007) 238: 192-199.
[9] Dillon JG and Castenholz RW, Scytonemin, toxicology a cyanobacterial sheath pigment, protects against UVC radiation: implications for early photosynthetic life. J. Phycol. (1999) 35: 673-681.
[10] Sharma S, Sharma RK, Gaur K, Cátala Torres JF, Loza-Rosas SA, Torres A, Saxena M, Julin M and Tinoco AD. Fueling a hot debate on the application of TiO2 nanoparticles in sunscreen. Materials (2019) 12: 2317.
[11] Morone J, Alfeus A, Vasconcelos V and Martins R. Revealing the potential of cyanobacteria in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals-a new bioactive approach. Algal Res. (2019) 41: 101541.
[12] Singh SP, Kumari S, Rastogi RP, Singh KL and Sinha RP. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): chemical structure, biosynthesis and significance as UV-absorbing/screening compounds. CSIR (2008) 46: 7-17.
[13] Kumar J, Singh D, Tyagi MB and Kumar A. Cyanobacteria: applications in biotechnology, Mishra AK, Tiwari DN and Rai AN (Eds.) In: Cyanobacteria, from Basic Science to Application, Academic Press (2019) 327-46.
[14] Pathak J, Ahmed H, Singh PR, Singh SP and Häder DP. Mechanisms of photoprotection in cyanobacteria, Mishra AK, Tiwari DN and Rai AN (Eds.) In: Cyanobacteria, from Basic Science to Application, Academic Press (2019) 145-71.
[15] Gröniger A, Sinha RP, Klisch M and Häder DP. Photoprotective compounds in cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and macroalgae-a database. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. (2000) 58: 115-122.
[16] Carreto JI and Carignan MO. Mycosporine-like amino acids: relevant secondary metabolites. chemical and ecological aspects. Mar. Drugs (2011) 9: 387-446.
[17] Sinha RP, Biomedical applications of mycosporine‐like amino acids. Kim SK. (Eds.) In: Marine Biology (2013) 509-34.
[18] Klisch M and Häder DP. Mycosporine-like amino acids and marine toxins-the common and the different. Mar. Drugs (2008) 6: 147-163.
[19] Balskus EP, Case RJ and Walsh CT. The biosynthesis of cyanobacterial sunscreen scytonemin in intertidal microbial mat communities. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (2011) 77: 322-332.
[20] Garcia‐Pichel F, Sherry ND and Castenholz RW. Evidence for an ultraviolet sunscreen role of the extracellular pigment scytonemin in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Chiorogloeopsis sp. Photochem.. Photobiol. (1992) 56: 17-23.
[21] Pathak J, Pandey A, Maurya PK, Rajneesh R, Sinha RP and Singh SP. Cyanobacterial secondary metabolite scytonemin: a potential photoprotective and pharmaceutical compound. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. B Biol. Sci. (2020) 90: 467-481.
[22] Nägeli C and Schwenderer S. Das Mikroskop: Theorie und Anwendung desselben,2nd ed. Leipzig:W. Engelmann (1877)
[23] Nägeli C. Gattungen einzelliger Algen: Physiologisch und Systematisch Bearbeitet. Zurich: Friedrich Schulthess (1849)
[24] Garcia‐Pichel F and Castenholz RW. Characterization and biological implication of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial sheath pigment. J. Phycol. (1991) 27: 395-409.
[25] Mushir S, Deep S, Fatma T and Student PG. Screening of cyanobacterial strains for UV screening compound scytonemin-environmental perspectives. Screen. (2014) 3: 9191-9196.
[26] Rath J, Mandal S and Adhikary SP. Salinity induced synthesis of UV-screening compound scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biolo. (2012) 115: 5-8.
[27] Bultel-Poncé V, Félix-Théodose F, Sarthou C, Ponge JF and Bodo B. New pigments from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. collected on the Mitaraka Inselberg, French Guyana. J. Nat. Proud. (2004) 67: 678-681.
[28] Asencio AD and Hoffmann L. Chemosystematic evaluation of the genus Scytonema (Cyanobacteria) based on occurrence of phycobiliproteins, scytonemin, carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acid compounds. Eur. J. Phycol. (2013) 48: 331-344.
[29] Asencio AD, García‐Pichel F and Hoffmann L, Retracted: Carotenoids, mycosporine‐like amino acid compounds, phycobiliproteins, and scytonemin in the genus scytonema (Cyanobacteria): a chemosystematic study, J. Phycol. (2011) 47: 12218-12228.
[30] Pentecost A. Field relationships between scytonemin density, growth, and irradiance in cyanobacteria occurring in low illumination regimes. Microb. Ecol. (1993) 26: 101-110.
[31] Brenowitz S and Castenholz RW. Long-term effects of UV and visible irradiance on natural populations of a scytonemin-containing cyanobacterium (Calothrix sp.). FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (1997) 24: 343-352.
[32] Adhikary SP and Sahu JK. UV protecting pigment of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Tolypothrix byssoidea. J. Plant Physiol. (1998) 153: 770-773.
[33] Proteau PJ, Gerwick WH, Garcia-Pichel F and Castenholz R. The structure of scytonemin, an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria. Experientia (1993) 49: 825-829.
[34] Rastogi RP, Sonani RR and Madamwar D. The high-energy radiation protectant extracellular sheath pigment scytonemin and its reduced counterpart in the cyanobacterium Scytonema sp. R77DM. Bioresour. Technol. (2014) 171: 396-400.
[35] Rastogi RP and Sinha RP, A. Incharoensakdi, Partial characterization, UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment, scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4. Chemosphere (2013) 93: 1874-1878.
[36] Rastogi RP and Incharoensakdi A. Characterization of UV-screening compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids, and scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. CU2555. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. (2014) 87: 244-256.
[37] Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitão GG, Reis AS, Santos TC, Coube CS and Leitão SG. Screening of brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother. Res. (2001) 15: 127-130.
[38] Kokabi M, Yousefzadi M, Soltani M and Arman M. Effects of different UV radiation on photoprotective pigments and antioxidant activity of the hot‐spring cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya cf. fragilis. Phycol. Res. (2019) 67: 215-220.
[39] Stevenson CS, Capper EA, Roshak AK, Marquez B, Grace K, Gerwick WH, Jacobs RS and Marshall LA. Scytonemin-a marine natural product inhibitor of kinases key in hyperproliferative inflammatory diseases. Inflamm. Res. (2002) 51: 112-114.
[40] Day JG. Cryopreservation: fundamentals, mechanisms of damage on freezing/thawing and application in culture collections. Nova Hedwigia (2004) 79: 191-205.
[41] Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M and Stanier RY. Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Microbiol. (1979) 111: 1-61.
[42] Guillard RR. Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates, Walter L,
Matoira S and Chanley H. (Eds.) In: Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, Springer (1975) 29-60.
[43] Zhu C and Lee Y. Determination of biomass dry weight of marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. (1997) 9: 189-194.
[44] Matsui K, Nazifi E, Hirai Y, Wada N, Matsugo S and Sakamoto T. The cyanobacterial UV-absorbing pigment scytonemin displays radical-scavenging activity. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. (2012) 58: 137-144.
[45] Squier AH, Airs RL, Hodgson DA and Keely BJ. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of the ultraviolet screening pigment scytonemin: characteristic fragmentations. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. (2004) 18: 2934-2938.
[46] Pathak J, Sonker AS, Kannaujiya VK, Singh V, Ahmed H and Sinha RP. Screening and partial purification of photoprotective pigment scytonemin from cyanobacterial crusts dwelling on the historical monuments in and around Varanasi, India. Microbiol. Res. (2017) 8: 4-12.
[47] Rastogi RP, Sonani RR and Madamwar D. Cyanobacterial sunscreen scytonemin: role in photoprotection and biomedical research. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. (2015) 176: 1551-1563.
[48] Mushir S and Fatma T. Monitoring stress responses in cyanobacterial scytonemin–screening and characterization. Environ. Technol. (2012) 33: 153-157.
[49] Garcia-Pichel F and Castenholz RW. Occurrence of UV-absorbing, mycosporine-like compounds among cyanobacterial isolates and an estimate of their screening capacity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1993) 59: 163-169.
[50] Karsten U, Maier J and Garcia-Pichel F. Seasonality in UV-absorbing compounds of cyanobacterial mat communities from an intertidal mangrove flat. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. (1998) 16: 37-44.
[51] Ehling-Schulz M, Bilger W and Scherer S. UV-B-induced synthesis of photoprotective pigments and extracellular polysaccharides in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. J. Bacteriol. (1997) 179: 1940-1945.
[52] Takamatsu S, Hodges TW, Rajbhandari I, Gerwick WH, Hamann MT and Nagle DG. Marine natural products as novel antioxidant prototypes. J. Nat. Prod. (2003) 66: 605-608.
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