In Vitro Evaluation of Nanoemulsion of Gotu Kola Leaves (Centella Asiatica Urb.) as an Alternative Treatment for Tuberculosis Evaluation of Nanoemulsion of Centella Asiatica Urb. as Tuberculosis Treatment
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 22 No. 1 (2026),
26 January 2026
,
Page 90-101
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v22i1.47470
Abstract
Gotu kola leaves (Centella asiatica Urb.) contain asiaticoside compounds that have been demonstrated to possess bactericidal properties against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), as evidenced by inhibition tests. Several studies have reported that M. tuberculosis has developed resistance to tuberculosis (TB) drugs. The nanoemulsion delivery system represents an innovative therapeutic approach for TB patients, demonstrating significant promise in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases such as TB. This study aims to optimize and formulate the manufacture of a gotu kola leaf extract nanoemulsion as an alternative TB treatment. Maceration was employed to obtain a gotu kola leaf extract, yielding 34.7%. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed a single spot, confirming the presence of asiaticoside. A gotu kola leaf nanoemulsion was developed using the Box-Behnken Design method, incorporating variations in gotu kola leaf extract loading, tween 80, and sonication time. The optimal formula was determined based on particle size parameters, particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency (EE), and extract loading (EL) using Stat-Ease® Design-Expert 360 software. The writing has been corrected. The optimal formula exhibited a particle size of 154.715 nm, a particle size distribution of 0.246, an EE of 92.512%, and an EL of 98.298 mg/g. In vitro testing demonstrated the antibacterial potential of the optimum formula, achieving a 56.2% antibacterial effect. In contrast, the positive control rifampicin showed an 89.1% antibacterial effect.
- Tuberculosis
- Gotu kola leaves
- Nanoemulsion
- in vitro
How to Cite
References
1. Marbun RIM. Correlation of House Conditions with the Incidence of Pulmonary TB Disease. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (2022) 1(2): 31- 37.
2. Yahya A, Wijaya DP, Anam K, Rianita RN. Socialization of TB Disease Prevention in Jetis-Kawiran Hamlet, Rambeanak Village, Mungkid District. Magelang. Journal of Science and Technology Collaboration and Innovation (2023) 1(5): 593-599.
3. Qiyaam N, Furqani N, Hartanti DJ. Evaluation of the Use of Antituberculosis Drugs (oats) in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at the Kediri Health Center, West Lombok in 2018. Lumbung Farmasi: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2020) 1(1): 1-7.
4. Amilah SS, Ajiningrum PS. Effectiveness Test of Inhibitory Power of Centella asiatica Leaf Juice (centella asiatica) and Beluntas Leaf (pluchea indica Less) against the Growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. STIGMA: Unipa Journal of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (2015) 8(2): 6-11.
5. Ruswanto R, Rahayuningsih N, Hidayati NLD, Nuryani GS, Mardianingrum R. In Vitro Test and In Silico Study of n'- benzoylisonicotinohydr Derived Compounds. Journal of Indonesian Pharmaceutical Sciences (2019) 17(2): 218- 226.
6. Fatimah S, Prasetyaningsih Y, Astuti RW Antibacterial effectiveness of Centella asiatica leaf extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian (2022) 3(1): 61-68.
7. Ainurofiq A, Syahrul A, Widayati A, Fitriastuti R, Herawati Z. Fluoroquinolone antibacterial drugs: Review of physicochemical problems, analysis techniques, and solutions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology (2022) 27: 27–06.
8. Azzahra F, Hayati M. Activity test of gotu kola leaf extract (Centella asiatica (L. urb) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. B-Dent: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Baiturrahmah (2018) 5(1): 9-19.
9. Risnawati E, Ainurofiq A, Wartono MW. Study of antibacterial activity and identification of the most active fraction from ethanol extraction of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizomes by vacuum liquid chromatography. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research (2014) 6(9): 101–107.
10. Soe HMH, Chamni S, Mahalapbutr P, Kongtaworn N, Rungrotmongkol T, Jansook P. The investigation of binary and ternary sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with asiaticoside in solution and in solid state. Carbohydrate Research (2020) 498: 1-12.
11. Jusril NA, Abu Bakar SI, Khalil KA, Md Saad WM, Wen NK, Adenan MI. Development and optimization of nanoemulsion from ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) using D‐optimal mixture design to improve blood brain barrier permeability. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022) 1: 1-18.
12. Jusnita N, Nasution K. Nanoemulsion formulation of moringa leaf extract (moringa oleifera lamk). Industria: Journal of Agro-Industry Technology and Management (2019) 8(3): 165-170.
13. Wardani AT, Kusumaningsih T, Ainurofiq A. Effectiveness of Foeniculum vulgare leaf essential oil nanoemulsion as a natural insecticide against Aedes aegypti larvae and mosquitoes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity (2024) 25(3): 990–997.
14. Wahyuni NS, Baety SSN, Alwia N, Rizkita AD, Hafidz MR. Journal Review: Application of Nano Emulsion in Efforts to Reduce Tuberculosis Case Rates. Praeparandi: Journal of Pharmacy and Science (2023) 7(1): 57-67.
15. Choudhary A, Jain P, Mohapatra S, Mustafa G, Ansari MJ, Aldawsari MF, Iqbal Z. A novel approach of targeting linezolid nanoemulsion for the management of lymph node tuberculosis. ACS omega (2022) 7(18): 15688-15694.
16. Fernando A, Khoiriyah, F. Effect of Soaking Time Before Sonication on Asiaticoside Levels in Water Pegagan Leaf Extract Water Pegagan (Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.) by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Encyclopedia of Journal (2023) 5(3): 182-187.
17. Suciati T, Aliyandi A, Satrialdi. Development of transdermal nanoemulsion formulation for simultaneous delivery of protein vaccine and artin-m adjuvant. Int. J Pharm. Pharm. Sci (2014) 6(6): 536-546.
18. Holsæter AM, Wizgird K, Karlsen I, Hemmingsen JF, Brandl M, Škalko- Basnet N. How Docetaxel Entrapment, Vesicle Size, Zeta Potential and Stability Change with Liposome Composition-A Formulation Screening Study. European Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences (2022) 177: 1-14.
19. Choiri S, Ainurofiq A. Understanding the drug release mechanism from a montmorillonite matrix and its binary mixture with a hydrophilic polymer using a compartmental modelling approach. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng (2018) 333: 012065.
20. Ainurofiq A, Choiri S. Development and optimization of a meloxicam/β-cyclodextrin complex for orally disintegrating tablet using statistical analysis. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology (2018) 23(5): 464–475
21. Rochaeni H, Iqyan MJ, Amalia DS, Wibowo S. Verification of Microbiological Antibiotic Potential Tests Using the Cylinder Plate Method on Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate Products. WARTA AKAB (2021) 45(2): 1-14.
22. Teonanda T, Ghozaly MR, Abna IM. Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Petai Plant Seeds (leucaena leucocephala (lam.) de wit) against Bacillus Subtilis atcc 6633. Sainstech Farma: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2024) 17(1): 9-15.
23. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2017. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia edisi II. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. ISBN: 978-623-301-017-7
24. Putri NE, Nurahmanto D, Rosyidi VA. Optimization of Tween 80 and Propylene Glycol in Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. (SNEDDS) Essential Oil of Basil Leaf (Ocimum basilicum). Health Libraries (2021) 9(2): 78-83.
25. Xu J, Song M, Fang Z, Zheng L, Huang X, Liu K. Applications and challenges of ultra-small particle size nanoparticles in tumor therapy. Journal of Controlled Release (2023) 353: 699-712.
26. Ghosh S, Mishra P, Banerjee S, Maiti K, Khopade A, Misra A, Sawant K, Bhowmick S. Exploration of The Cardinal Formulation Parameters Influencing the Encapsulation and Physicochemical Properties of Co-Loaded Anticancer Dual Drug Nanoliposomes. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol (2022) 71: 1-20.
27. Phromma S, Injun K, A-sachart S, Wutikhun T, Supcharoengoon U, Kangwansupamonkon W, Eksangsri T, Sapcharoenkun C. The Influence of Ultra-Probe Sonication and Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Dispersion Stability and Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-TiO2 Nanoparticles. J. Mol. Liq (2023) 390: 1-11.
28. Sharma N, Kaur G, Khatkar SK. Optimization of Emulsification Conditions for Designing Ultrasound Assisted Curcumin Loaded Nanoemulsion: Characterization, Antioxidant Assay and Release Kinetics. Lwt (2021) 141: 1-11.
29. Kumar A, Kanwar R, Mehta SK. Development of Phosphatidylcholine/Tween 80 based Biocompatible Clove Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion as A Green Nanocarrier for Controlled Herbicide Delivery. Environmental Pollution (2022) 293: 1-14.
30. Indrawati A, Latif M. Anti-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Ciplukan Leaves (Physalis angulata L.). National pharmaceutical magazine (2016) 13(2): 38-45.
- Abstract Viewed: 164 times
- IJPS_Volume22_Issue1_Pages90-101 Downloaded: 128 times