Pre- and post-employment issues of bipolar patients and predisposing factors and vocational rehabilitation implications: a new perspective
Researcher Bulletin of Medical Sciences,
Vol. 26 No. 1 (2021),
30 October 2021
,
Page e22
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the employment issues of bipolar patients and their predisposing factors.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed using the moose systematic qualitative method, by using research articles that addressed the employment issues of bipolar patients. Initially, 2204 articles were extracted but after primary and secondary screening and studying the full text finally, 15 articles were selected according to predetermined criteria.
Results: The extracted employment issues of bipolar patients were divided into two general types of pre- and post-employment issues and the factors causing the employment issues. Pre- and post- employment issues of bipolar patients were divided into three sub-domains (Unemployment, lack of productivity in the workplace, and ethical-communication problems). factors causing bipolar employment issues were divided into three domains (factors related to symptoms of the disorder, psychosocial factors and inappropriate therapeutic interventions).
Discussion: Although pre- and post- employment issues of bipolar patients appear to be a major issue both in society and in researches; the underlying causes of these patients' employment issues are also important driving factors, which need attention and consideration and rehabilitation.
Keywords:
- Bipolar disorder; Employment problems;Vocational rehabilitation
How to Cite
Rostami, Z. ., Abedi, M. R. ., & Nilforooshan, P. . (2022). Pre- and post-employment issues of bipolar patients and predisposing factors and vocational rehabilitation implications: a new perspective. Researcher Bulletin of Medical Sciences, 26(1), e22. Retrieved from https://theses.sbmu.ac.ir/index.php/rbms/article/view/39472
References
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4. Rathbun-Grubb S. The Lived Experience of Work and Career among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: A Phenomenological Study of Discussion Forum Narratives. The International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion (IJIDI). 2019; 3(4).
5. Hirschfeld R, Lewis L, Vornik L. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results from the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association 2000 Survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64(2): 161-174.
6. Michalak EE, Yatham LN, Maxwell V, Hale S, Lam RW. The impact of bipolar disorder upon work functioning: a qualitative analysis.
Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9(1-2): 126-143.
7. MacDonald HA, Colotla V, Flamer S, Karlinsky H. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the workplace: a descriptive study of workers experiencing PTSD resulting from work injury. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 2003; 13(2): 63-77.
8. Latas M, Starcevic V, Vucinic D. Predictors of work disabilities in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. European psychiatry. 2004;19(5): 280-4.
9. Dean BB, Gerner D, Gerner RH. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and healthcare costs and utilization in bipolar disorder. Current medical research and opinion. 2004; 20(2):139-54.
10. McClellan, J. Commentary: Treatment guidelines for child and adolescent bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005; 44: 236-269.
11. Rigar, T. F., Maki, D. R. Handbook of rehabilitation counseling. Springer Publishing Company Inc; 2003.
12. Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Unützer J, Operskalski BH, Bauer MS. Severity of mood symptoms and work productivity in people treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2008; 10(6):718-25.
13. Lerner D, Adler DA, Chang H, Lapitsky L, Hood MY, Perissinotto C, Reed J, McLaughlin TJ, Berndt ER, Rogers WH. Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatric Services. 2004; 55(12): 1371-8.
14. Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: a longitudinal analysis. J Affect Disord. 2005; 89(1-3): 79-89.
15. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ et al. Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1322–1330.
16. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M, Endicott J, Maser J, Klerman G. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression.
Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(5): 720-727.
17. Marwaha S, Durrani A, Singh S. Employment outcomes in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica2013; 128(3): 179-93.
18. Jiang HK. A prospective one-year follow-up study of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 1999; 62: 477–486.
19. Goetzel RZ, Hawkins K, Ozminkowski RJ, Wang S.The health and productivity cost burden of the “top 10” physical and mental health conditions affecting six large U.S. employers in 1999. J Occup Environ Med. 2003; 45(1): 5-14.
20. Rajagopalan K, Kleinman NL, Brook RA, Smeeding JE, Novak S, Gardner HH. Likelihood of employment termination for employees with bipolar disorder treated with different psychotropic medications. InValue in Health 2006; 1 (9, 3): A73-A74. 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING.
21. Matza L, De Lissovoy G, Sasané R, Pesa J, Mauskopf J. The impact of bipolar disorder on work loss. Drug Benefit Trends. 2004; 16(9): 476-81.
22. Sasane R, de Lissovoy G, Matza LS, Mauskopf JA, Pesa JA. PMH54 WORK LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER. Value in Health. 2004; 1(3):n280.
23. McMorris BJ, Downs KE, Panish JM, Dirani R. Workplace productivity, employment issues, and resource utilization in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of medical economics. 2010; 1; 13(1): 23-32.
24. Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, Young D, Dalrymple K, Ruggero CJ. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders. Bipolar disorders. 2010; 12(7): 720-6.
25. Shi L, Juarez R, Hackworth J, Edgell ET, Maria Haro J, Vieta E, Tohen MF. Open-label olanzapine treatment in bipolar I disorder: clinical and work functional outcomes. Current medical research and opinion. 2006; 22(5): 961-6.
26. Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herrman H, Castle D, Gureje O, Morgan V, Korten A. People living with psychotic illness: an Australian study 1997–98. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Report. 1999; 4: 1-20.
27. Tse S. Practice guidelines: therapeutic interventions aimed at assisting people with bipolar affective disorder achieve their vocational goals. Work 2002; 19: 167–179.
28. Tohen M, Hennen J, Zarate C, et al. Two-year syndromal and functional recovery in 219 cases of frst-episode major affective disorder with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157(2): 220-228.
29. Saberi S M, Dehghani zade N, Tofighi Zavare H, Mehr pishe S, Memarian A. A Comparison of Committed Crimes Between Patients Sufferring From Bipolar Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia Referred to Forensic Psychiatry Department in Tehran Legal Medicine Center from April 2007 to April 2008.. Sci J Forensic Med. 2012; 18 (1) :39-45 [Persian]
30. Laxman KE, Lovibond KS, Hassan MK. Impact of bipolar disorder in employed populations. The American journal of managed care. 2008; 14(11): 757-64.
31. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Cole S, Yolken RH. Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2004; 55(1): 54-8.
32. Tse S, Chan S, Ng KL, Yatham LN. Meta‐analysis of predictors of favorable employment outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2014; 16(3): 217-229.
33. Altshuler L, Tekell J, Biswas K, Kilbourne AM, Evans D, Tang D, Bauer MS. Executive function and employment status among veterans with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2007; 58(11): 1441-7.
34. Kessing LV, Hansen MG, Andersen PK. Course of illness in depressive and bipolar disorders. Naturalistic study, 1994-1999. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 372–377
35. Bauer M, Glenn T, Grof P, Rasgon NL, Marsh W, Sagduyu K, Alda M, Lewitzka U, Sasse J, Kozuch-Krolik E, Whybrow PC. Frequency of subsyndromal symptoms and employment status in patients with bipolar disorder. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2009 Jul 1;44(7):515-
36. Hees HL, Koeter MW, Schene AH. Longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and work outcomes in clinically treated patients with long-term sickness absence related to major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 148: 272–277.
37. Ryan KA, Eisenberg D, Kim HM, Lai Z, McInnis M, Kilbourne AM. Longitudinal impact of a collaborative care model on employment outcomes in bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2015; 188: 239-42.
38. Gilbert E, Marwaha S. Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013; 145(2): 156-64.
39. Goodwin F, Jamison K. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
40. Gilbert AM, Olino TM, Houck P, Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Frank E. Self-reported cognitive problems predict employment trajectory in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2010; 124(3): 324-8.
41. Zubieta JK, Huguelet P, O’Neil RL, Giordani BJ. Cognitive function in euthymic bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res 2001; 102: 9–20.
42. Wingo AP, Baldessarini RJ, Holtzheimer PE, Harvey PD. Factors associated with functional recovery in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord. 2010; 12: 319–326.
43. Strober, M., Morrell, W., Burroughs, J., Lampert, C., Danforth, H., & Freeman, R.. A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence: early onset of symptoms linked to increased familial loading and lithium resistance. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1988;15(3), 255-268.
44. Carlson GA, Jensen PS, Findling RL, Meyer RE, Calabrese J, DelBello MP, Emslie G, Flynn L, Goodwin F, Hellander M, Kowatch R. Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a consensus conference. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2003; 13(1): 13-27.
45. Hammen C, Gitlin M, Altshuler L. Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar I patients: a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000; 68: 220–225.
46. Elinson L, Houck P, Pincus HA. Working, receiving disability benefits, and access to mental health care in individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9: 158–165.
47. Waghorn G, Chant D, Jaeger J. Employment functioning and disability among community residents with bipolar affective disorder: results from an Australian community survey. Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9: 166–182.
48. Waghorn, G., Chant, D., & Whiteford, H. Clinical and non-clinical predictors of vocational recovery for Australians with psychotic disorders. The Journal of Rehabilitation. 2002; 68(4): 40-51.
2. Zimmerman M, Martinez JH, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar depression compared to major depressive disorder with comorbid borderline personality disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2012; 14(8): 856-62.
3. Martínez-Camarillo S, Yoldi-Negrete M, Fresán-Orellana A, Ortega-Ortiz H, Becerra-Palars C. Work motivation in patients with bipolar disorder: Associated factors. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2019; 65(4): 300-4.
4. Rathbun-Grubb S. The Lived Experience of Work and Career among Individuals with Bipolar Disorder: A Phenomenological Study of Discussion Forum Narratives. The International Journal of Information, Diversity, & Inclusion (IJIDI). 2019; 3(4).
5. Hirschfeld R, Lewis L, Vornik L. Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results from the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association 2000 Survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003; 64(2): 161-174.
6. Michalak EE, Yatham LN, Maxwell V, Hale S, Lam RW. The impact of bipolar disorder upon work functioning: a qualitative analysis.
Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9(1-2): 126-143.
7. MacDonald HA, Colotla V, Flamer S, Karlinsky H. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the workplace: a descriptive study of workers experiencing PTSD resulting from work injury. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 2003; 13(2): 63-77.
8. Latas M, Starcevic V, Vucinic D. Predictors of work disabilities in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia. European psychiatry. 2004;19(5): 280-4.
9. Dean BB, Gerner D, Gerner RH. A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and healthcare costs and utilization in bipolar disorder. Current medical research and opinion. 2004; 20(2):139-54.
10. McClellan, J. Commentary: Treatment guidelines for child and adolescent bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005; 44: 236-269.
11. Rigar, T. F., Maki, D. R. Handbook of rehabilitation counseling. Springer Publishing Company Inc; 2003.
12. Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Unützer J, Operskalski BH, Bauer MS. Severity of mood symptoms and work productivity in people treated for bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2008; 10(6):718-25.
13. Lerner D, Adler DA, Chang H, Lapitsky L, Hood MY, Perissinotto C, Reed J, McLaughlin TJ, Berndt ER, Rogers WH. Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. Psychiatric Services. 2004; 55(12): 1371-8.
14. Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: a longitudinal analysis. J Affect Disord. 2005; 89(1-3): 79-89.
15. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ et al. Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1322–1330.
16. Coryell W, Scheftner W, Keller M, Endicott J, Maser J, Klerman G. The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression.
Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(5): 720-727.
17. Marwaha S, Durrani A, Singh S. Employment outcomes in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica2013; 128(3): 179-93.
18. Jiang HK. A prospective one-year follow-up study of patients with bipolar affective disorder. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 1999; 62: 477–486.
19. Goetzel RZ, Hawkins K, Ozminkowski RJ, Wang S.The health and productivity cost burden of the “top 10” physical and mental health conditions affecting six large U.S. employers in 1999. J Occup Environ Med. 2003; 45(1): 5-14.
20. Rajagopalan K, Kleinman NL, Brook RA, Smeeding JE, Novak S, Gardner HH. Likelihood of employment termination for employees with bipolar disorder treated with different psychotropic medications. InValue in Health 2006; 1 (9, 3): A73-A74. 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING.
21. Matza L, De Lissovoy G, Sasané R, Pesa J, Mauskopf J. The impact of bipolar disorder on work loss. Drug Benefit Trends. 2004; 16(9): 476-81.
22. Sasane R, de Lissovoy G, Matza LS, Mauskopf JA, Pesa JA. PMH54 WORK LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER. Value in Health. 2004; 1(3):n280.
23. McMorris BJ, Downs KE, Panish JM, Dirani R. Workplace productivity, employment issues, and resource utilization in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of medical economics. 2010; 1; 13(1): 23-32.
24. Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, Young D, Dalrymple K, Ruggero CJ. Sustained unemployment in psychiatric outpatients with bipolar disorder: frequency and association with demographic variables and comorbid disorders. Bipolar disorders. 2010; 12(7): 720-6.
25. Shi L, Juarez R, Hackworth J, Edgell ET, Maria Haro J, Vieta E, Tohen MF. Open-label olanzapine treatment in bipolar I disorder: clinical and work functional outcomes. Current medical research and opinion. 2006; 22(5): 961-6.
26. Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herrman H, Castle D, Gureje O, Morgan V, Korten A. People living with psychotic illness: an Australian study 1997–98. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Report. 1999; 4: 1-20.
27. Tse S. Practice guidelines: therapeutic interventions aimed at assisting people with bipolar affective disorder achieve their vocational goals. Work 2002; 19: 167–179.
28. Tohen M, Hennen J, Zarate C, et al. Two-year syndromal and functional recovery in 219 cases of frst-episode major affective disorder with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157(2): 220-228.
29. Saberi S M, Dehghani zade N, Tofighi Zavare H, Mehr pishe S, Memarian A. A Comparison of Committed Crimes Between Patients Sufferring From Bipolar Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia Referred to Forensic Psychiatry Department in Tehran Legal Medicine Center from April 2007 to April 2008.. Sci J Forensic Med. 2012; 18 (1) :39-45 [Persian]
30. Laxman KE, Lovibond KS, Hassan MK. Impact of bipolar disorder in employed populations. The American journal of managed care. 2008; 14(11): 757-64.
31. Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Cole S, Yolken RH. Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2004; 55(1): 54-8.
32. Tse S, Chan S, Ng KL, Yatham LN. Meta‐analysis of predictors of favorable employment outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2014; 16(3): 217-229.
33. Altshuler L, Tekell J, Biswas K, Kilbourne AM, Evans D, Tang D, Bauer MS. Executive function and employment status among veterans with bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Services. 2007; 58(11): 1441-7.
34. Kessing LV, Hansen MG, Andersen PK. Course of illness in depressive and bipolar disorders. Naturalistic study, 1994-1999. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 372–377
35. Bauer M, Glenn T, Grof P, Rasgon NL, Marsh W, Sagduyu K, Alda M, Lewitzka U, Sasse J, Kozuch-Krolik E, Whybrow PC. Frequency of subsyndromal symptoms and employment status in patients with bipolar disorder. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2009 Jul 1;44(7):515-
36. Hees HL, Koeter MW, Schene AH. Longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and work outcomes in clinically treated patients with long-term sickness absence related to major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 148: 272–277.
37. Ryan KA, Eisenberg D, Kim HM, Lai Z, McInnis M, Kilbourne AM. Longitudinal impact of a collaborative care model on employment outcomes in bipolar disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2015; 188: 239-42.
38. Gilbert E, Marwaha S. Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013; 145(2): 156-64.
39. Goodwin F, Jamison K. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression, 2nd edn. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
40. Gilbert AM, Olino TM, Houck P, Fagiolini A, Kupfer DJ, Frank E. Self-reported cognitive problems predict employment trajectory in patients with bipolar I disorder. Journal of affective disorders. 2010; 124(3): 324-8.
41. Zubieta JK, Huguelet P, O’Neil RL, Giordani BJ. Cognitive function in euthymic bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res 2001; 102: 9–20.
42. Wingo AP, Baldessarini RJ, Holtzheimer PE, Harvey PD. Factors associated with functional recovery in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disord. 2010; 12: 319–326.
43. Strober, M., Morrell, W., Burroughs, J., Lampert, C., Danforth, H., & Freeman, R.. A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence: early onset of symptoms linked to increased familial loading and lithium resistance. Journal of Affective Disorders. 1988;15(3), 255-268.
44. Carlson GA, Jensen PS, Findling RL, Meyer RE, Calabrese J, DelBello MP, Emslie G, Flynn L, Goodwin F, Hellander M, Kowatch R. Methodological issues and controversies in clinical trials with child and adolescent patients with bipolar disorder: report of a consensus conference. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 2003; 13(1): 13-27.
45. Hammen C, Gitlin M, Altshuler L. Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar I patients: a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000; 68: 220–225.
46. Elinson L, Houck P, Pincus HA. Working, receiving disability benefits, and access to mental health care in individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9: 158–165.
47. Waghorn G, Chant D, Jaeger J. Employment functioning and disability among community residents with bipolar affective disorder: results from an Australian community survey. Bipolar Disord. 2007; 9: 166–182.
48. Waghorn, G., Chant, D., & Whiteford, H. Clinical and non-clinical predictors of vocational recovery for Australians with psychotic disorders. The Journal of Rehabilitation. 2002; 68(4): 40-51.
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